“区域能源”背后之真相(I)
District Energy: dark secrets you need to know (I)
来源: Bob Mok
将供暖系统安装于每一公寓单元的老式能源系统占据单元大量空间，并排放出大量温室气体，污染环境。即此，为某居住小区提供总能源供应的区域能源系统则应运而生。但区域能源系统存在其弊端。Bob Mok的系列报道将揭露那些鲜为人知的，令消费者利益受损的区域能源之真相。
The traditional energy system where the heating system is installed in each condo unit takes up unit space and generates a large share of Green House Gas. That is where district energy – which centralizes the energy supply for local residential area – has come into play. But district energy has its dark side. Bob Mok’s column reveals behind the scene stories that may hurt the energy ratepayers dearly.
加拿大的冬季寒冷无比，无论是低层公寓楼还是高层公寓大厦，都必需靠暖气度过漫长的寒冬。
Canada has a very cold winter. Low rise apartment buildings and high rise Condominiums have to be heated through its long winter months.
老式公寓楼通常都是采用水暖系统，其是通过地下室的燃油锅炉将水加热，然后再由中央系统统一供暖。而新建公寓楼通常都是在每套公寓中安装单独的加热器和空调，但这些设备不但占用居住空间，还必需由业主进行维护。由于传统供暖系统排放的大量温室气体与机动车不相上下，因此被环保人士深恶痛绝。
Water filled radiator systems were used in the oldest apartment buildings, controlled by central systems in the basements burning fuel oil to generate heat through the use of boilers. Newer buildings installed individual heaters and air conditioners in each suite. These take up living spaces and have to be maintained within the unit. This traditional heating system contributes to the mass production of Green House Gas (GHG) similar to motor vehicles on the roads and is loathed by environmentalists.
区域能源供应是对一个地区集中产生的热能进行统一分配，以满足住宅区和商业区的空间供暖和水暖等供暖需求的系统。这些热能通常都是来自使用化石燃料的热电厂，也就是热电联产厂（CHP）。一些热电厂的其他“燃料”来源还包括地热、太阳能和核能（废热）。区域供暖厂不仅效率更高，同时也比单一建筑或住宅内的局部锅炉供暖更环保，有助于减排温室气体。
District Energy is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements such as space heating and water heating. The heat is often obtained from a cogeneration plant also known as combined heat and power (CHP) plant burning fossil fuels. Other sources of “fuels” for some plants include geothermal heating, solar power, and nuclear power (waste heat). District heating plants can provide higher efficiencies and better pollution control than localised boilers in individual buildings or dwelling units and reduce GHG.
在加拿大，有10多个区域能源公司向客户提供能源供应，其中大多数都只是供暖，但同时也有少数会采用冷冻水制冷提供供冷服务，但这种系统会消费更多能源并产生更多温室气体。一般来说，区域能源公司的客户通常都是学校、医院、社区中心及政府大楼，只有少数公司将业务范围扩大至向公寓楼群提供能源服务。说到我们这一地区的区域能源公司，人们立刻就会想到万锦市区域能源公司（MDE）。
In Canada, over 10 District Energy Enterprises supply customers with energy with the majority of them for heating only. A few of them also supplied “cooling” energies using chilled water that consumes more energy to generate at the plants and creating more GHG. Typically, district energy customers are Schools, Hospitals, Community Centres, and government buildings. A few of these enterprises have been expanding that traditional scope to supply energy to clustered Condominium buildings. Within our area, Markham District Energy (MDE) comes to mind.
那么，如何才能知道自己居住的公寓楼是否属于区域能源服务呢？
How does one know if their building is committed to District Energy?
以下是一些显而易见的事实：
There are a number of obvious facts:
1）公寓单元内没有加热器或空调，不采用电加热。
1) There are no heater or air conditioner within the apartment unit and it is not electrically heated.
2）公寓内没有燃气设备，你无需支付燃气费。
2) There are no gas appliances and you do not have a gas bill.
3）如果你购买的是公寓楼花，那开发商的宣传手册会强调这一点，并吹嘘温室气体减排的环保效益。
3) If you are the buyer before the building is put up, your developer’s brochure would have pointed that out, trumpeting its environmental benefits in GHG emission reductions.
区域能源厂产生的热媒（加压热水或蒸汽）会通过由传输线和回流线组成的地下隔热管道系统分配给客户。通过区域能源供应分配的热能年损失率通常约为10%。系统内可安装热储量设备以满足峰荷需求。
The heated medium (pressurized hot water or steam) generated by the District energy plant is distributed to the customer via a network of insulated pipes underground consisting of feed and return lines. Typical annual loss of thermal energy through distribution is around 10%. Within the system heat storages may be installed to even out peak load demands.
抵达客户处的加压热水通常会通过热交换器连接到建筑的中央供暖系统。由于区域供暖系统使用的热水不能与建筑的中央供暖系统所使用的水相混合，这意味着客户在建筑设计阶段就必须考虑区域能源的使用，并在建筑内安装专用的循环交换设备代替传统的锅炉取暖设备。一旦客户决定使用区域能源系统就无法再轻易回头，因为如果其想恢复常规供暖系统，势必要付出高昂的代价去解决设备空间及能源/燃料供应问题。
At customer level the heated water is usually connected to the central heating of the dwellings by heat exchangers. The water used in the district heating system is not mixed with the water of the central heating system of the dwelling. This means that the customer will have to commit to District Energy at the design stage of the building and install special equipment for the exchange loop in place of conventional boilers fired up at the site. Once committed to District Energy systems, it is prohibitively expensive for its customers to revert back to the conventional systems due to equipment space and power/fuel supply requirement for the building.
那么，开发商为何还会钟情于区域能源呢？这主要是因为：
What are the reasons for Developers to commit to District Energy then?
1)开发商无需再在每个公寓单元内安装单独的加热器和空调，从而可以节约建筑成本。
1) There will be no need to install individual heaters and air conditioners in each apartment unit resulting in building cost savings.
2）取消相关设备产生的额外空间可以增加出售面积。
2) The extra spaces provided by the elimination of equipment can become part of the square footage to be sold.
3）取消公寓大厦“公共区域”的供暖和制冷设备，可以为开发商节约更多成本。
3) The elimination of equipment for heating and cooling the “common areas’ of the Condominium building resulting in more cost savings.
4）开发商可以籍此获取美国绿色建筑委员会（USGBC）指定的“LEED”（能源与环境设计先锋)认证加分。“LEED”认证体系是基于信用积分进行评估，在建筑设计和施工过程中采取环保措施的项目均可获得加分。“LEED”的推出旨在创建一个“以共识为基础，以市场为导向的评分系统，以加快绿色建筑的发展实施。”
4) The contribution of extra points towards the achievement of “LEED” (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) designation by the (United States Green Building Council) USGBC. The “LEED” system is credit-based. It allows projects to earn points for environmentally friendly actions taken during construction and use of a building. LEED was launched in an effort to develop a “consensus-based, market-driven rating system to accelerate the development and implementation of green building practices.
对于使用区域能源的公寓业主来说，由于他们的单元内并未安装计量能源消耗的独立分表，因此他们的公寓费用（物业管理费）中将包含供暖、制冷（如果提供）和热水费用。从表面看，使用区域能源的业主可以少花钱，并且该系统也更加环保，但事实真是如此么？
For the condominium owners using District Energy, this means that their condo fees (Property Management fees) will cover their heating, cooling (if applicable), and hot water since there are no individual meters for energy consumptions in each unit. On the surface, expenses are down and the system is environmentally sound. But, is it?
我们将在后续报道中继续解析区域能源公司的结构，以及一些不为消费者所知的真相。
We will explore the structures of District Energy enterprises and some of the facts unknown to its consumers in future articles.
The traditional energy system where the heating system is installed in each condo unit takes up unit space and generates a large share of Green House Gas. That is where district energy – which centralizes the energy supply for local residential area – has come into play. But district energy has its dark side. Bob Mok’s column reveals behind the scene stories that may hurt the energy ratepayers dearly.
加拿大的冬季寒冷无比，无论是低层公寓楼还是高层公寓大厦，都必需靠暖气度过漫长的寒冬。
Canada has a very cold winter. Low rise apartment buildings and high rise Condominiums have to be heated through its long winter months.
老式公寓楼通常都是采用水暖系统，其是通过地下室的燃油锅炉将水加热，然后再由中央系统统一供暖。而新建公寓楼通常都是在每套公寓中安装单独的加热器和空调，但这些设备不但占用居住空间，还必需由业主进行维护。由于传统供暖系统排放的大量温室气体与机动车不相上下，因此被环保人士深恶痛绝。
Water filled radiator systems were used in the oldest apartment buildings, controlled by central systems in the basements burning fuel oil to generate heat through the use of boilers. Newer buildings installed individual heaters and air conditioners in each suite. These take up living spaces and have to be maintained within the unit. This traditional heating system contributes to the mass production of Green House Gas (GHG) similar to motor vehicles on the roads and is loathed by environmentalists.
区域能源供应是对一个地区集中产生的热能进行统一分配，以满足住宅区和商业区的空间供暖和水暖等供暖需求的系统。这些热能通常都是来自使用化石燃料的热电厂，也就是热电联产厂（CHP）。一些热电厂的其他“燃料”来源还包括地热、太阳能和核能（废热）。区域供暖厂不仅效率更高，同时也比单一建筑或住宅内的局部锅炉供暖更环保，有助于减排温室气体。
District Energy is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements such as space heating and water heating. The heat is often obtained from a cogeneration plant also known as combined heat and power (CHP) plant burning fossil fuels. Other sources of “fuels” for some plants include geothermal heating, solar power, and nuclear power (waste heat). District heating plants can provide higher efficiencies and better pollution control than localised boilers in individual buildings or dwelling units and reduce GHG.
在加拿大，有10多个区域能源公司向客户提供能源供应，其中大多数都只是供暖，但同时也有少数会采用冷冻水制冷提供供冷服务，但这种系统会消费更多能源并产生更多温室气体。一般来说，区域能源公司的客户通常都是学校、医院、社区中心及政府大楼，只有少数公司将业务范围扩大至向公寓楼群提供能源服务。说到我们这一地区的区域能源公司，人们立刻就会想到万锦市区域能源公司（MDE）。
In Canada, over 10 District Energy Enterprises supply customers with energy with the majority of them for heating only. A few of them also supplied “cooling” energies using chilled water that consumes more energy to generate at the plants and creating more GHG. Typically, district energy customers are Schools, Hospitals, Community Centres, and government buildings. A few of these enterprises have been expanding that traditional scope to supply energy to clustered Condominium buildings. Within our area, Markham District Energy (MDE) comes to mind.
那么，如何才能知道自己居住的公寓楼是否属于区域能源服务呢？
How does one know if their building is committed to District Energy?
以下是一些显而易见的事实：
There are a number of obvious facts:
1）公寓单元内没有加热器或空调，不采用电加热。
1) There are no heater or air conditioner within the apartment unit and it is not electrically heated.
2）公寓内没有燃气设备，你无需支付燃气费。
2) There are no gas appliances and you do not have a gas bill.
3）如果你购买的是公寓楼花，那开发商的宣传手册会强调这一点，并吹嘘温室气体减排的环保效益。
3) If you are the buyer before the building is put up, your developer’s brochure would have pointed that out, trumpeting its environmental benefits in GHG emission reductions.
区域能源厂产生的热媒（加压热水或蒸汽）会通过由传输线和回流线组成的地下隔热管道系统分配给客户。通过区域能源供应分配的热能年损失率通常约为10%。系统内可安装热储量设备以满足峰荷需求。
The heated medium (pressurized hot water or steam) generated by the District energy plant is distributed to the customer via a network of insulated pipes underground consisting of feed and return lines. Typical annual loss of thermal energy through distribution is around 10%. Within the system heat storages may be installed to even out peak load demands.
抵达客户处的加压热水通常会通过热交换器连接到建筑的中央供暖系统。由于区域供暖系统使用的热水不能与建筑的中央供暖系统所使用的水相混合，这意味着客户在建筑设计阶段就必须考虑区域能源的使用，并在建筑内安装专用的循环交换设备代替传统的锅炉取暖设备。一旦客户决定使用区域能源系统就无法再轻易回头，因为如果其想恢复常规供暖系统，势必要付出高昂的代价去解决设备空间及能源/燃料供应问题。
At customer level the heated water is usually connected to the central heating of the dwellings by heat exchangers. The water used in the district heating system is not mixed with the water of the central heating system of the dwelling. This means that the customer will have to commit to District Energy at the design stage of the building and install special equipment for the exchange loop in place of conventional boilers fired up at the site. Once committed to District Energy systems, it is prohibitively expensive for its customers to revert back to the conventional systems due to equipment space and power/fuel supply requirement for the building.
那么，开发商为何还会钟情于区域能源呢？这主要是因为：
What are the reasons for Developers to commit to District Energy then?
1)开发商无需再在每个公寓单元内安装单独的加热器和空调，从而可以节约建筑成本。
1) There will be no need to install individual heaters and air conditioners in each apartment unit resulting in building cost savings.
2）取消相关设备产生的额外空间可以增加出售面积。
2) The extra spaces provided by the elimination of equipment can become part of the square footage to be sold.
3）取消公寓大厦“公共区域”的供暖和制冷设备，可以为开发商节约更多成本。
3) The elimination of equipment for heating and cooling the “common areas’ of the Condominium building resulting in more cost savings.
4）开发商可以籍此获取美国绿色建筑委员会（USGBC）指定的“LEED”（能源与环境设计先锋)认证加分。“LEED”认证体系是基于信用积分进行评估，在建筑设计和施工过程中采取环保措施的项目均可获得加分。“LEED”的推出旨在创建一个“以共识为基础，以市场为导向的评分系统，以加快绿色建筑的发展实施。”
4) The contribution of extra points towards the achievement of “LEED” (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) designation by the (United States Green Building Council) USGBC. The “LEED” system is credit-based. It allows projects to earn points for environmentally friendly actions taken during construction and use of a building. LEED was launched in an effort to develop a “consensus-based, market-driven rating system to accelerate the development and implementation of green building practices.
对于使用区域能源的公寓业主来说，由于他们的单元内并未安装计量能源消耗的独立分表，因此他们的公寓费用（物业管理费）中将包含供暖、制冷（如果提供）和热水费用。从表面看，使用区域能源的业主可以少花钱，并且该系统也更加环保，但事实真是如此么？
For the condominium owners using District Energy, this means that their condo fees (Property Management fees) will cover their heating, cooling (if applicable), and hot water since there are no individual meters for energy consumptions in each unit. On the surface, expenses are down and the system is environmentally sound. But, is it?
我们将在后续报道中继续解析区域能源公司的结构，以及一些不为消费者所知的真相。
We will explore the structures of District Energy enterprises and some of the facts unknown to its consumers in future articles.
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