“区域能源”背后之真相(IV)
Dark sides of District Energy (IV)
来源: Bob Mok
将供暖系统安装于每一公寓单元的老式能源系统占据单元大量空间，并排放出大量温室气体，污染环境。即此，为某居住小区提供总能源供应的区域能源系统则应运而生。但区域能源系统存在从公司结构中存在的利益冲突，到夸大的温室气体排放数字等各种弊端。Bob Mok的系列报道将揭露那些鲜为人知的，令消费者利益受损的区域能源之真相。
The traditional energy system where the heating system is installed in each condo unity takes up unit space and generates a large share of Green House Gas. That is where district energy – which centralizes the energy supply for local residential area – has come into play. But district energy has its dark sides – from conflict of interest in the corporate structure to inflated greenhouse reduction figures. Bob Mok’s column reveals behind the scene stories that may harm the interests of consumers
读者欲参照前文可点击:
For readers who want to review the earlier articles, they can go to:
http://chinesenewsgroup.com/news/25157 (Article I)
http://chinesenewsgroup.com/news/36970 (Article II)
http://chinesenewsgroup.com/news/37044 (Article III)
我们将继续探讨与“区域能源”供应相关的“量度”收费、能源等价换算公式和温室气体排放问题。
We will now talk about “metered” charges and energy equivalency conversion formulas and Green House Gases emissions associated with the use of “District Energy” supplies.
“区域能源”供应商每月收取的费用分为两部分。其中“固定容量收费”(FCC)已在前文作过讨论，另一个部分就是“量度”收费。
There are two components in the monthly fees from “District Energy” suppliers. The first component known as the “Fixed Capacity Charge” (FCC) was discussed in earlier articles. The other component is the “metered” charges.
“冷却水能源费”和“热水能源费”是按照用户的“冷却水”和“热水”实际用量进行收费。这两种一次水的流量是通过附带感应器的流量表进行远程计量，其感应器可以测量一次水供应和回水间的温度差异。
The “Chilled Water Energy Charge” and “Hot Water Energy Charge” are based on the customer’s actual metered used of “chilled water” and “hot water”. The primary water flow for each of these is measured remotely with a flow meter installed with sensors on site, by the difference in temperature between primary water supply and return.
冷却水能源费是根据消费者在使用传统制冷设备产生冷却水所需的电费情况下，使用等价换算公式计算得出。而与冷水费用不同的是，热水能源费则是基于燃气费用等价换算得出。能源等价公式使用的换算系数都是区域能源供应商说了算，从来没有任何客户或其他可以代表他们的独立可信的第三方对此进行独立审视或是提出质疑。
The Chilled Water Energy Charge is calculated based on the equivalent electrical charges which would have been incurred by the customer had the customer produced the chilled water using conventional on-site equipment. The Hot Water Energy Charge calculation, unlike the Chilled Water Energy Charge, is based on the equivalent gas fuel charges. Conversion factors in the formulas used are dictated by the District Energy Suppliers and there is no scrutinizing or dispute of such by the clients or other credible independent third party working on behalf of them.
但即便没有顾问，我们也可以看出按照65%的“固定锅炉效率因素”计算热水能源费可能已经过时。因为假定现代的传统锅炉系统效率只有65%无疑是与科技完全脱节。更加实际的效率假设应该是介于80-90%之间。按照较低的效率因素使用等价换算公式进行计算时，消费者需要多支付20%或更多的能源费。
Without hiring a consultant, we can see that the “Fixed Boiler Efficiency Factor” of 65% for Hot Water Energy Charge is probably out-dated. To assume that a modern day conventional boiler system to have only 65% efficiency would be totally out of touch with technology. A more practical assumption should be in the 80-90% range. Using a lower efficiency factor in the calculations, the Consumer will have to pay another 20% or more in energy costs using the conversion formulas.
由于地球的大气层中有超过20种温室气体(GHG)在不断在地球环境中吸收来自太阳的热能，从而导致全球暖化。其中最为人所知的温室气体就是二氧化碳(CO2)。
There are over 20 kinds of greenhouse gases (GHG) that work to trap heat from the sun within the Earth’s atmosphere resulting in global warming, the most common of which is carbon dioxide (CO2).
对于温室气体排放问题，区域能源公司在打广告时总是言简意赅，其大致意思就是：提高效能+清洁燃料=清洁空气+低排放。
When it comes to Green House Gas (GHG), the advertising for District Energy enterprises is simple. Claims are made to the effect that: Improved Efficiency + Cleaner fuels = cleaner air + lower emissions.
因此，这其中最基本和最主要的因素就是用于供暖和制冷的燃料。
The primary and major component here is therefore the fuel that produces the heating and cooling.
从物理学来说，将水温升高一度和将水温降低一度所需的能源量是相同的。以1立方米水为例，水温升高或降低1摄氏度所需的能源量为1000千卡或4184千焦。但是，由于完成这两个过程所用的燃料截然不同，因此其产生的温室气体量也有所不同。
In physics, the energy required to raise any water by one degree in temperature is the same as the amount of energy needed to decrease it by one degree. The amount of energy needed for 1 cubic meter of water to gain or lose one degree Celsius is 1000kcal or 4184 kilojoules. However, the fuel used in accomplishing the two processes can be very different, resulting in different GHG production figures.
如果将电能作为供暖或制冷的“燃料”，那么用于发电的燃料本身所产生的温室气体量也各有不同，这主要是取决于使用何种燃料。其中燃煤发电的温室气体排放量最高，而核电则是温室气体排放量最少的清洁能源之一。
If electricity is used to “fuel” any heating or chilling, then the fuel to generate the electricity itself produces GHG in varying quantities, depending on what it is. Coal fired electricity generation is the biggest GHG producers and Nuclear powered generation is one of the least producers at the other end of the spectrum.
许多区域能源系统中都包括天然气热电联产电厂(CHP)，有些电厂甚至会用柴油作为补充燃料。CHP可以只在高峰时段运作也可以全天候运作。由于安省80%以上的电力供应都是来自无碳能源、核能或可再生能源，实际上CHP的柴油燃料所产生的温室气体量超过电网直接供电。
Many District Energy systems include natural gas-fired Combined Heat and Power Plant (CHP) and some are even supplemented by Diesel fuel. The CHP’s are operational either at peak hours only or full time. Since over 80% of Ontario’s electricity supply comes from carbon free sources, either nuclear or renewable the CHP’s will actually produce more GHG due to its Diesel component than pulling electricity directly from the electricity grid.
区域能源公司公开的温室气体数据都是供暖和制冷的排放总量，而有关冷却水系统排放量的不利数据都会向公众隐瞒。
The GHG figures provided to the public is always a combined total of heating and chilling, any adverse figures pertaining to the generation of chilling water will be hidden from public.
总体来看，我认为区域能源系统的温室气体排放量比传统发电厂有所减少，但同时显而易见的是，区域能源公司提供的制冷服务并不像供暖服务那样有益于环保。
Overall, I believe there is a net reduction in GHG using District Energy when compared to a conventional power plant on site but it is also evident that Chilling operations in a District Energy Plant does not provide as much benefit to the environment as the heating operation.
我的研究结果总结如下：
To summarize my research:
1）各市府推广宣传区域能源的理由是其不仅能为用户提供“便利”，还能减少温室气体排放。
1)District Energy is promoted by Municipalities based on “convenience” to users and reduction of Green House Gas (GHG).
2）市府拥有区域能源公司，并指派市议员担任其董事会成员，因此在涉及公帑资助区域能源公司的问题时无法避免“利益冲突”
2)Municipalities owning District Energy Companies and assigning council members to its Board of Directors cannot disassociate itself from “Conflict of Interests” when it comes to funding of District Energy enterprise coming from taxpayers.
3）区域能源公司虽然属市府所有，但却打着“私营公司”的幌子，其从不向纳税人提供财务报告，因此毫无透明度可言。
3)When a municipality owns a District Energy Company as a private venture and does not provide financial reports to its taxpayers, there is no transparency.
4）虽然安省《公寓法》第112条规定允许区域能源用户终止协议，但如果开发商在建筑设计阶段未有考虑，用户根本无法选用传统供暖和制冷设备，因为这涉及空间、转换费用以及燃料供应等诸多问题。
4)When a District energy user have a building committed by the Developer at Design stage, there are no recourses to terminate the Contract even though it is allowed by the Ontario Condominium act Section#112 due to space, cost of conversion, and fuel supply issues.
5）由于相关协议中的条款和收费标准不受政府监管，因此开发商无意确保最终用户的最佳利益。
5)The conditions and charges in the agreements are not regulated by the government and there are no motivations for the developers to get the best value for the end users.
6）温室气体减排数字可能被夸大，特别是热电联产电厂生产冷却水过程中的温室气体减排量。
6)Green House Gases (GHG) reduction figures may have been inflated, particularly with Combined Heat and Power Plants (CHP) producing Chilled water.
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