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中英对照:微信监控“内”“外”有别

WeChat is watching you, domestically and internationally
来源: Bob Mok



科学分析证明政治敏感的文件被微信悄悄地用来训练和建立微信的中国政治审查系统。我在上一篇有关微信的文章中做了介绍。

Scientific analysis prove that files deemed politically sensitive are used to invisibly train and build up WeChat’s Chinese political censorship system. I presented this fact in my earlier article on this subject.

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微信是中国最受欢迎的社交媒体应用软件之一。截至2019年底,微信每月在中国和海外有11.5亿的活跃用户。微信于2011年作为移动即时消息传递应用软件推出。从那时起,腾讯拥有的微信在微信中开发了多种功能,包括即时消息(例如一对一私人聊天,群聊),微信朋友圈(即类似于Facebook Timeline功能,朋友之间可以分享文件,图像,短视频和文章)和公共帐户(即类似于博客的平台,允许个人和企业与普通读者分享信息)。据报道,每天有450亿条消息通过微信发送。

WeChat is one of the most popular social media apps in China, with 1.15 billion monthly active users in China and overseas as of late 2019. It was launched in 2011 as a mobile instant messaging app. Since then, Tencent’s WeChat/Weixin Group has developed a variety of communication functionalities in WeChat including instant messaging (e.g., one-to-one private chat, group chat), WeChat Moments (i.e., a functionality that resembles Facebook’s Timeline where users can share text-based updates, upload images, and share short videos or articles with their friends), and the Public Account platform (i.e., a blogging-like platform that allows individual writers as well as businesses to write for general audiences). Forty-five billion messages are reportedly sent using WeChat on a daily basis.

中国的法律法规要求公司对在其平台上发布或传播的内容负责。政府期望公司花人力资源和技术确保网上内容不越轨,并以自我审查的形式遵守政府关于内容控制的法规。公司这样做是为了避免被政府罚款或吊销营业执照。中国关于网络内容控制的法律和法规很广,禁止的内容包括从“破坏社会秩序和稳定”或“损害国家荣誉和利益”到跨越“社会主义底线”。
 
China's laws and regulations hold companies accountable for the content published or transmitted on their platforms. Companies are expected to invest in human resources and technologies to moderate content and comply with government regulations on content controls in the form of self-censorship. They do so to avoid fines or have their business licenses revoked. China’s laws and regulations on content controls are broadly defined, with prohibited topics ranging from “disrupting social order and stability” or “damaging state honour and interests,” to crossing “the bottom line of socialism.”



对于那些用中国大陆电话号码注册了微信帐号的用户,微信用关键字过滤内容是公开的秘密。即使用户将其账号改为非中国电话号码,那些过滤功能仍然有效。这意味着无论你是出国旅行还是将中国电话号码改为海外号码,只要你当初在中国大陆注册了微信账号,你将永远被审查。基于用户注册电话号码来区别对待用户似乎创建了“一个应用程序,两个系统”的审查模型。

It is open secret that keyword filtering is enabled on WeChat for users with accounts registered to mainland China phone numbers. Filtering remains enabled even if users later link their account with a non-mainland China number, which means that users with accounts registered to mainland China will remain under censorship regardless if they travel or unlink their Chinese phone number from the account. Differentiating content access based on user registration seemingly creates a “one app, two systems” model of censorship.

微信通过服务器对内容审查。发贴时,服务器会根据预设的程序对内容进行审查。如果帖子中包含被禁止的关键词,该帖就发不出去。

WeChat performs censorship on the server-side. When you send a message, it passes through a remote server that contains rules for implementing censorship. If the message includes a keyword that has been targeted for blocking on their forbidden words lists, the message will not be sent.



微信中有两种聊天模式:一对一聊天和群聊。测试表明,与一对一聊天相比,微信在群聊里加了更多的关键字。这表明微信对群聊监控的力度大,这可能是因为群聊里的贴传播的面广。

There are two chat modes in WeChat: one-to-one chat and group chat. Experiments have shown that a greater number of keywords are blocked on group chat compared to one-to-one chat, which suggests that communications on group chat are specifically targeted, potentially because group chats can reach a larger number of users.

在两种聊天模式下,当用户像以前一样输入被审查的关键字时,微信不再向用户显示警告。此更改意味着微信不会向用户反馈审查已发生,从而使对微信的审查变得不那么透明。审查关键字涵盖了一系列内容,包括时事,政治和社会问题。

In both chat modes, users are no longer presented with a warning message when they enter blocked keywords as before. This change means there is no feedback to users that censorship has occurred making the restrictions on WeChat less transparent. Censored keywords spanned a range of content, including current events, politics, and social issues.



微信还在其内置的浏览器中实现了统一资源定位器(URL)或网站地址过滤系统,该系统对中国和国际帐户使用不同的网站黑名单和白名单。研究人员的测试发现,微信不让使用中国大陆电话号码注册的帐号访问某些网站。此外,每个中国帐户上被阻止的网站都可以在国际帐户上访问,这意味着国际用户可以使用微信内部浏览器成功访问相同的URL。但是,他们也发现国际帐户有时也阻止了其他赌博和色情网站。

WeChat also implements a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or web site address filtering system in its built-in browser, which uses different lists of blacklisted and whitelisted websites for China and International accounts. In testing conducted by researchers, they found that the tested websites are blocked only on accounts registered with mainland Chinese phone numbers. Moreover, every site that is uniquely blocked on China accounts is fully accessible on International accounts, meaning that international users can successfully access the same URLs with WeChat’s internal browser. However, they found intermittent blocking of other gambling and pornography websites on International accounts as well.

微信如何使用审查工具及其工作系统的情况已经很清楚。我将在下一篇文章中介绍其操作的详细信息。

A pattern of WeChat's censorship tools and their working systems are emerging. The details of their operations will be discussed next.




 

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